EFFECT OF MICRO-GALLIUM ON THE INTERGRANULAR SEGREGATINN OF PHOSPHORUS IN CARBON STEELS

The effect of small amounts of gallium on the intergranular segregation of phosphorus in carbon steels is discussed, with the help of the impact test, fracture morphology and micro-structure analyses, combined with composition analysis on the fracture surfaces by Auger electronspectrometer. The results show that gallium in the steel with a content of gallium more than ten thou-sandth can suppress, to some extent, the intergranular segregation of phosphorus and retard the tempering process. As a result, the temper embrittlement of the steel disappears and the embrittlement transition temperature declines.     

巢湖沿岸圩区稻季营养盐的输出特征研究

巢湖流域沿岸分布着很多圩区,人们在圩内进行各种农业活动,圩区营养盐的输出是造成巢湖流域非点源污染的重要因素。为了解圩区农业非点源营养盐的输出特征,笔者通过在巢湖流域河网地区选择比较典型的圩区,于2014年水稻生长期进行了较系统的野外调查观测、取样和室内水质分析,探讨在自然降雨-径流的条件下圩区各类营养盐的浓度变化及输出特征。2014年稻季共进行了9次排水,排水量总计73.09 mm,径流系数为0.37,9次排水事件总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的平均浓度分别是3.42、0.22 mg/L,圩区水体处于富营养化水平。降雨-径流强度是影响营养盐浓度变化的重要因素,稻季生长期内TN和TP的输出量是0.28、0.017 kg/hm2,占稻季施肥总量的1.7%和0.16%。径流量是影响营养盐输出总量的关键因素,同时施肥量和施肥至排水事件的间隔天数也是是影响营养盐输出的重要因素。     

Experimental Research on High-strength Inorganic Anchoring Material

A new type of inorganic anchoring material is developed as a substitution for anchoring adhesive to overcome some imperfections in the process of planting reinforcing steel bar.The mix proportion of the anchoring material is determined by experiments.The compressive strength,adhesive force to concrete,volume stability and anchoring force with steel bar are studied.The early strength of the anchoring inorganic material is quite high: for 1d up to 38.5MPa and 3d up to 60MPa.It is a good adhesive to concrete and the adhesive strength of 28d is about 2MPa.The anchoring material will have tiny volume expansion with the age,which is beneficial to enhancing the anchoring force.The essential component of the inorganic anchoring material is cement-based material,so some defects of the organic macromolecular material can be avoided,such as poor stability and requirement for vigorous construction conditions.Its characteristics in early strength,adhesive force to concrete and volume expansion can satisfy the requirement of the construction to the planting reinforcing steel bar and the loading force,thus it can be used as a substituting material for anchoring adhesive.     

氮素用量及有机无机肥料配比对烤烟产质量的影响

通过田间小区试验，初步研究了土壤不同氮素用量及有机无机肥料配比对烤烟产质量的影响，试验结果表明：每株烟施纯氮7g、油枯28g，烟叶产量适中、上等烟比例高、效益最好。     

Growth Responses of Twelve Wheat Cultivars and their Phosphorus Utilization from Rock Phosphate

Growth responses of 12 wheat cultivars and their phosphorus utilization were studied in a greenhouse. They were grown for 18 days in a solution containing rock phosphate as the phosphorus (p) source. Biomass of 26 day old plants of all the cultivars varied significantly whereas their shoot to root ratio stayed constant. The dry matter yield of all the 12 cultivars was significantly correlated with the p uptake (r = 0.74). Whereas the higher p uptake by all the cultivars was significantly (P < 0.01) related to the drop in the root medium pH, which was presumably owing to the H⁺ efflux from their roots. The wheat cultivar Blue Silver proved to be the most efficient p user and therefore seems to have the highest potential of making best growth in soils with poor p availability among the 12 wheat cultivars under investigation.     

夏玉米施氮量对后茬冬小麦土壤氮素供应与利用的影响

在冬小麦施氮144 kg/hm2的基础上,研究了夏玉米4个施氮量(0,90,180,270和360 kg/hm2)对后茬冬小麦生长期间土壤硝态氮含量变化、无机氮供应以及小麦氮素吸收与利用的影响。结果表明:与玉米不施氮(简称不施氮)相比,玉米施氮(简称施氮)0~200 cm土壤硝态氮含量在冬小麦生长期间显著增加,自冬小麦拔节起,0~40,0~130和0~200 cm 3层深的土壤硝态氮含量均随着玉米施氮量(简称施氮量)的增加而明显递增;与冬小麦播种时相比,不施氮0~130 cm土壤无机氮减少156 kg/hm2,施氮90 kg/hm2该层土壤无机氮富积41 kg/hm2,且富积量随着施氮量继续增加而递增;随着施氮量增加,冬小麦收获时的植株吸氮量和子粒氮素积累量均增加;当施氮量低于180 kg/hm2时,植物氮素积累量在不同施氮量之间无显著差异;当施氮量低于270 kg/hm2时,不同施氮量的子粒氮素积累量差异不明显。在本试验条件下,冬小麦子粒氮肥利用率随着施氮量增加而递增,但差异不显著。     

Review on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal by the Bio-filter

In this paper, the new development of nitrogen and phosphorus removal by bio-filter in home and abroad is summarized.The factors influencing the nitrification-de-nitrification, nitration-denitration, phosphorous removal and simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in bio-filter reactor are reviewed.It is pointed out that further improving the operation, enhancing the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus removal and advancing the process of bio-filter is the aim of study in the future.     

A geographical approach to identify phosphorus-efficient genotypes among landraces and wild ancestors of common bean

Cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) capable of yielding well at low levels of native or added phosphorus (P) are highly desirable in many tropical production systems. The objective of the present study was to identify geographical regions which might be sources of such genotypes. A total of 364 landraces, cultivars and wild genotypes, drawn from a broad geographic range, were divided on the basis of growth habit into four field trials, each comprising two levels of P, stressed and unstressed, on an infertile Andosol in Popayan, Colombia. The regression relationship between grain yield per plant in the presence and in the absence of stress was determined, and each genotype's deviation from this relationship was used as a measure of P-efficiency. There was highly significant variation in efficiency among genotypes in all growth habits, and in climbing beans there were consistent regional differences, superior genotypes being identified with greater frequency among those from Bolivia, West Mexico and South Mexico-West Guatemala. The latter region was promising for prostrate bush genotypes also. Wild beans in general performed relatively poorly; it appears that P-efficiency traits in P. vulgaris have been acquired during or after domestication. These results confirm that genetic differences in P-efficiency exist among common bean genotypes and suggest that these are related to geographic origin. Furthermore, the use of a representative sample of germplasm can help to identify segments of the gene bank that are especially promising as sources of desirable traits. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同磷水平对紫花苜蓿产量和品质的影响

不同磷水平对苜蓿产量和品质的影响研究表明 ,在苜蓿充分供应氮、钾等其它营养的情况下 ,施用磷肥能显著增加植株生长高度和侧枝数 ,增加植株生长高度 8 2～ 10 1cm ,增加植株侧枝数 0 9～ 1 8个/株 ;能大幅度提高苜蓿鲜草产量 ,增产 30 8%～ 70 2 % ;对反映苜蓿品质的各营养成分含量影响不明显 ,但能增加单位面积牧草营养成分总产量 ;增施磷肥不仅可以显著增加苜蓿对磷的吸收 ,而且能不同程度地促进苜蓿对钾和钙的吸收 ;本试验条件下的经济最佳施磷 (P2 O5)量为 10 2 4kg/hm2 。     

不同土地利用方式下紫色土磷吸附-解吸动力学特征

[目的]研究川东紫色丘陵区旱耕地、林地、果园、荒草地、茶园、水稻田6种土地利用方式下土壤磷吸附与解吸特征及其影响因素,以期为四川低山丘陵区不同土地利用方式下紫色土磷潜在流失风险评估提供理论依据。[方法]采取研究区内6种土地利用方式下的0—20cm土层土壤样品,通过土壤磷吸附解吸试验,计算土壤磷吸附—解吸参数,测定土壤相关理化指标,利用主成分分析和旋转因子分析法评估土壤磷素流失风险及其主要影响因子。[结果]土壤pH值,有机质,水溶性磷,速效磷,全磷,CaCO3,有效锌是影响磷吸附的重要因子,主因素分析得出速效磷、全磷、CaCO3有效锌对紫色土吸附磷能力贡献率分别为86.9%,89.2%,89.4%,96.9%。通过因子分析法分析土壤磷吸附解吸参数,得出可用最大吸磷量Qm,最大缓冲量MBC,易解吸磷RDP,拟合吸附量与解吸量的相关关系式中的截距值b这4个参数来综合预测紫色土磷素流失风险。[结论]研究区域6种土地利用方式下,果园与旱耕地土壤磷素流失风险较大,水稻田及茶园磷素流失风险较低。